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Projects >> Kū‘ula>> Curricula >> K-6 | 7-9 | 10-12 >> Grades
10-12 Curriculm: Background Research Report of Limu Kohu By: Haawina Ioane Abstract Since the time of the ancient Hawaiians the Limu Kohu, Asparagasis taxiformis has been rapidly declining and now is close to extinction. The ancient Hawaiians favored this Limu and because of greedy insensitive over picking practices and the desire of some to make money the Limu Kohu is slowly disappearing. In research it has been found that Limu Kohu requires rough water area were there is a constant ever changing flow of water to live. As soon as the Limu is picked and removed from the water it dies. Thus, it cannot be transplanted in that matter. In attempting to transplant the Limu Kohu the top edges of the reef were the limu grows will be taken off through cutting, and moved to a new site. The new site will be duplicated closely to the original site. Prior to the transplanting, the water quality of the new site and the original site are tested. Water samples will be taken from the top and bottom of the water; this is done to determine the level of salinity, the exciting marine life, temperature of the water, and the tide and currents of the site so that the growth of the Limu Kohu may be successful. After the limu kohu has been transplanted, weekly observation occur to ensure on going quality of the water. In conclusion I hope that my research and water sampling is accurate so that I may find a conductive site to transplant the limu. Not only do I want to successfully grow limu at the end of this project but I also hope to gain the knowledge of how to cultivate limu kohu. With this knowledge I look forward to re-growing limu kohu so that it may not go extinct. In the old days the Limu was the third component of a nutritionally balanced diet consisting of fish and poi. It has been estimated that 100 grams dry weight (about three ounces) of certain seaweeds provide more than the necessary daily requirements of Vitamin A, riboflavin, and Vitamin B12, and about half the daily requirements of Vitamin C. This is about half the daily requirements for an adult. Other vitamins and minerals, especially iodine, have been found in a variety of seaweeds. Limu isn't used for nutrition purposes only; it's also used for ceremonies. Limu Kala ( Sargassum echninocanpum ) was once used in an ‘ohana ritual called ho‘oponopono. At times of family dissension, a member of the family would gather young leaves of Limu Kala, clean and wash them, and present them to the family assembled in a circle. After praying and seeking forgiveness from each other, family members would eat the Limu. Limu Kala was also used by kahunas in rituals, according to Malo (1903). One of the rituals was an anural one participated by fishermen in the month of Hinaiaeleele (‘Ōpelu season). Before starting out to fish for the ‘Ōpelu, the fishermen would assemble at the Kū‘ula heiau in the evening, bringing with them their nets that they might spend the night and worship the god of fishing. All sat in a circle and the Kahuna would prepare a dish of water with Limu Kala in it and offer a prayer of purification. When the fishermen went out to sea the next morning, pigs were placed in the imu for preparation for the feast on the return. In the ancient Hawaiian civilization the Limu Kohu ( Asparagosis taxiformis ), also Kohu Lipehe (light colored Kohi and Kohu Koko (dark red Kohu) was the “ultimate” seaweed. It was so esteemed that it was forbidden to all but the Ali‘i. In the water Limu Kohu looks like a forest of tiny pink pine trees. Its height varies from 3-5 inches. Limu Kohu grows well in intertidal levels to depths of 100 ft and also on the edge of the reef where a constant flow of water can be found. While cleaning Limu Kohu it can be rather tedious because it's encrusted with sand and coral. When collecting limu kohu it's best to pinch or cut the upright stems leaving the base to grow new stems. After picking the Limu it will be soaked overnight in fresh water to reduce the bitter iodine flavor, then the Limu will be drained, salted and rolled into tight balls or packed in airtight containers. They are kept under refrigeration. limu kohu is prized for its peppery flavor. It may be combined with meat or fish in a stew, added to i‘a maka or i‘a pahu, or served straight. Today the limu kohu is the most prized and expensive limu in the market. It can be found in almost every island market for about $4.50 to $9.00/lb. But, because limu kohu is the most prized of the limus, people are becoming greedy and insensitive by over picking the limu and it's becoming extinct. There are many appetizers that include limu kohu, but the most popular one is the Poke-raw fish:
Or another appetizer like I‘a maka-raw lomi fish;
Through interviewing Butch Kaili, Terry Miura and Ulu Garmon I have gained knowledge of the history and the exciting limu of Waiuli, 4-miles and Laehala. In addition Ulu Garmon states; to grow limu you must watch and learn the flow of the water. Certain limu live in a certain area. You must observe the living conditions of the limu, chart it down to detail and try duplicating that habitat to the area you have chosen to grow your limu. According to Butch Kaili there are the following specimen of limu in the area of Waiuli, 4-miles, and Laehala; limu ‘ōpala, lettuce limu, limu kala, pōhaku manauea, līpepe, limu ‘āholehole (used only with ‘āholehole), limu ‘ele‘ele, limu kohu, wāwae 'iole, wāwae ‘iole pa‘akikī, limu kō‘ele, and huluhuluwaena. The following limu sell remarkable in the market area; limu ‘ele‘ele, lettuce limu, limu kohu, pōhaku manauea, huluhulu waena and wāwae ‘iole. Because this limu sells quickly in the market area, they are slowly becoming extinct. Waiuli means dark waters. Waiuli refers to the ponds in the front of the beach. The name of the ocean area is Honokea. It was once believed by some that Honokea was once a big fishpond, but over the years it has been destroyed. John David Malo was the konohiki of Waiuli and along with his wife Lucy and six children Rose, Dinah, Peter, John, David and Lucia resided there while maintain and up keeping the area. Malo eventually handed Waiuli over to George Richardson. George Richardson along with his wife Elsa and three children Gardner, Bobby, and George Jr. resided there. The Richardson family built a house in 1924 and that house is still standing till today. Waiuli is currently called Richardson Ocean Park after the Richardson family, but Terry Miura is currently campaigning to change Richardson Ocean Park back to its original name Waiuli. The Waiuli area has limu kohu, wāwae iole, ‘aki‘aki, and limu ‘ele‘ele currently inhabiting the area. Loko‘aka means ponds on the inside. There once was a family named Aina that lived there at Loko‘aka. Loko‘aka is now named 4-miles, because it takes 4 miles to get from here to Hilo town or visa versa. Laehala is named after the abundant hala that grows around the area. Laehala was handed down to Princess Pauahi Bishop from the ali‘i. Mrs. Garmon is currently living at Laehala and is conducting observations of the area. Every spring she counted the nine schools of opuas and finds many different specimen of limu. With the data collected she has come to a conclusion that the pond of Laehala was once a coral pond. Ulu thinks that the ali'i who owned the land before would not own the land if it was a wasteland. Ali‘i's own land that produce. Mrs. Garmon thinks that Laehala is not only named for the abundant hala growing around the area. Hala means passing, Mrs. Garmon thinks is has to do with the “passing” of the currents. Laehala has 33 specimen of limu. 11 of them have Hawaiian names and two are foreign. They specimens are wāwae ‘iole, manauea, kala, ‘ālani, blue ‘ālani, huna, ‘aki‘aki, hulu ‘īlio, kahili and puha. The names of the remaining limu have been lost. At the end of this project there will hopefully be successfully grown limu kohu and also the knowledge on how to cultivate the limu. To have successful limu there is a process that must be followed, that is to first research every detail on the habitat of the limu (every piece of information is valuable), the salinity in the water, bacteria in the water, tides/currents, temperature, and the marine life around the limu. After carefully analyzing the habitat, duplicate the original habitat to the area that has been chosen to cultivate the limu. When the limu has been transferred from the original habitat to the chosen one there will be observations taken weekly on the salinity, bacteria, temperature, tides/ currents, and the marine life of the new habitat to prevent any mishaps on the cultivation of the limu. The knowledge gained from observation and research will be used in future cultivation of limu. Interview with Karla By: Haawina Ioane Do you know any kind of procedure that I should do so my limu can grow? Well… you might want to check the salinity and temperature of the original site and the site that you have chosen to transplant the limu to see if they are the same. Because you want the salinity and the temperature to be the same on both sites so your limu can grow, cause if the limu comes from a site with warm water and high salinity then you move it to a site with cold water and low salinity, then it properly won't grow. You want to try and match the two sites the best you can, so your limu has a better chance of surviving. Go to the original site like 1-2 times a week or look on the tide calendar for the lowest tide and write down what it looks like, does the limu have water over it? Is the water motion still good? Just write down what you see there, then try and see if they match (the two sites). If they match than you know your site is on step closer to being a perfect site. You don't want the new site to be to low during the low tide, the limu might get dried out. You need to match the sites as much as you can. The most important thing is your safety. I know that limu Kohu grows in rough areas, so then you must be very careful. Do you have any idea of what I should do when the limu has been planted? Well if you've successfully matched your site, then you should check the area first. See if there is any Limu Kohu all ready growing around your site and write it down in your journal book. Always keep a journal book so when you go every day you can write down everything, and you need to write down everything because one day you can look back and say wow! Today is different and that just might help you with your project. Every little thing counts. Before planting the limu you might want to label the rocks like; A, B, C so then when you write in your journal you can say that rock A has grown a little bit of limu but rock C hasn't. You also have to check the limu before planting it. You should write down in your journal that the limu on rock B has so many ferns and so many height when planted and its red and so on, so then you can write down the progress on a chart or something. This is were the Limu press comes in. You should do a limu press. What's a Limu Press? Well all you need is a cardboard paper some newspaper and wax paper and your limu. When you pick your limu you write down on your cardboard paper the date, time, site, color, height, depths that it was picked in. Then you press the limu on the paper and put wax paper over it and put it on the side for a few days wrapped in newspaper so that it can dry out. Then when you check on it later you have your original limu and you have all the information on how it was at its original site and how it changed at the new site… Well thank you for your time! You're very welcome. Interview with Kelii Ioane By: Haawina Ioane What is your opinion on my project? I think your project is a very worthy project, you know, but it's not an every day common project, like raising fish in a pond and dropping them off in the ocean. The effort to re-plant Limu Kohu someplace were no more is amazing that such a young mind from great parents can come up with it. O.K. here's my opinion is this first of all I got to ask the ocean if I can pound the Papa for take the… I got to crack one rock with the limu on then transplant ‘em. So I have been asking the ocean studiedly in my soul and my heart and I never get answer but I going to go with the flow and hope you know that its not considered sacrilegious to bust the earth. I think it's a great thing you know I was wondering… you know limu kohu is a plant so maybe transplanting should take, should happen on a dark moon and then transplant ‘em. You know if were going to work in a seed environment, cause seeds do behave according to the moon, so and I'm not a scientist I knows that if you pick limu on a full moon he little more piha. Thank you very much here is my daughter. How long have you been picking limu, and do you have any information that you may share with me about the plant? On the lā‘au kai, well you have to see when I was in Honolulu I was a Aku fishermen and a Moemoe net fishermen, and you know Oahu the limu no grow on the side walk, so I never come kama‘āina until I come to Keaukaha, ka hale o Kinglanding then ahh… I must be good cause I still alive and right were we going is were our cousin Ishibashi when make, they call it Ishibashi flats, so I going take my daughter across the bay to Ishibashi flats to see if we can find something good to accomplish. Ohh well I not even answering the question, well… I know that limu kohu is high in iron, its ono and pregnant wahines before during and after need an abundance of it. Thank you daddy. Welcome bebe. Interview Mrs. Harata By: Wina Ioane What is the Salinity of your ponds? One part salinity. ‘Āholehole and Mullet live in brackish water. We can't raise Moi because Moi live in 15ppt. Salinity. We don't test the water any more we only tested it once. How do you get your limu? We buy our limu we never tried growing it. I don't know any information about limu. What do you feed your fish? We buy trout food that is high in protein and crush it up for Pua. When you are raising Pua you need to feed them a lot more than the other fish. If you don't have fish food it's ok to feed them limu, but they will grow faster if you feed them fish food. The fish food has a lot more protein. How did you learn to grow fish? I learned by reading the book and I went to the mainland and watched them up there. Why do you put Pua in the cage? To prevent them from leaving the pond and protect them from predators. When you raise Pua in the cage you need to always clean it so that there is good water flow. If you don't clean it the limu will row on the cage and there won't be any oxygen. When growing Pua watch out for birds, cats, and water rats. What is the limu growing in the pond? It's not limu its grass! We got ourselves a grasshopper so it eats all the grass in the pond, but it started to eat the fish food and will not eat the grass anymore. I guess the fish food taste better. We also got tilapia to get rid of the mud, but their eating pretty slowly!
A Critique Enhanced UVB effects on biomass
and community structure Haawina Ioane UV radiation affects the biology of living organisms and the balance of natural ecosystem. The marine ecosystems alone fix about half of our planets yearly amount of carbon available for the product of new living tissue. Macroalgae is the major core producers in intertidal habitats and provides food to a variety of invertebrates and fish. Therefore changes in macroalgae producers like the benthic and planktonic, microalgae, green algae, and several species of red algae. Ultra violate radiation has been shown to damage the photosynthetic systems of macro algae. UV- containing sunlight results in destruction of the UV-absorbing substances in the red algae. Species of deepwater algae were more sensitive to UVB radiation compared to interdital algae and sea grass. In this research paper there are figures and graphs. These figures and graphs help to explain the data that was collected and also the procedures that were taken to collect the data to write this research paper. Without these figures and graphs the understanding of the research paper would have been much more difficult. The terms in this research is much too scientific for someone like myself to comprehend. But, by reading this paper numerous times and searching through the dictionary for foreign words the vocabulary became much more clear. If continuing reading of research paper continues, my vocabulary will exceed. If someone were going to conduct a research paper on UV- radiation, the information in this research paper would be of assistance. But, for someone that isn't conducting a paper on UV-radiation, this paper would still be an interesting paper to read up on for knowledge. This information will not be used in this years Limu project, but the information will be remembered for future use. The information in this article must be true. This statement is supported by the following, UV inhabitants the growth of many marine primary producers including benthic and planktonic etc. and UVB affected the species composition and relative abundance of algae etc. There is no way that the writer of this article would put such information in this research paper if he/she did not conduct research to make sure the information was accurate. If possible I would not change this research paper. UV radiation affects the growth of many marine primary producers like the micro algal, green algae, and several species of red algae. Algae provide food to a variety of invertebrates and fish. Therefore changes in the growth of algae will bring disorder to coastal marine food. Ultra Violate Radiation has shown to damage the photosynthetic system of algae. If the algae cannot feed itself it will die or get sick. If the food source of the fishes die or get sick the same affect will happen to the. A Critique The Ocean Harvest Haawina Ioane This article is about the nutrients and proteins in seaweed. Various health gurus claim that sea vegetables including the blue green algae supplements can remove toxic chemicals and heavy metals from the body, boost the immune system and cure cold sores. Nutritionists acknowledge that seaweeds are rich in materials providing protein and may contain Beta-Carotene and Vitamin C. It is also proven that the seaweed alga-alga is added to ice cream as a thickener. The information in this article is very interesting for the purpose of conducting a project on seaweed. In this article it stated seaweed alga-alga is used for a thickener in ice cream. A critique was recently done on an article “Sowing the Sea”. This article included information on a man named Maxwell Doty a Botany Professor who successfully grew the seaweed Eacheuma. From this seaweed the Rageenan is extracted. This is the material used to make ice cream smooth. This information shown here is interesting, it shows that seaweed is not only a product used for health reasons, but it's also used for other reasons. The information in this article will be useful when conduction a project. The analyzing of the proteins and nutrients in the seaweed will be useful information for someone (like myself) who is conduction a project on seaweed. With this information it may be possible to answer the question: What are the proteins and nutrients in Limu Kohu and Lipoa? Are they good or bad? Do they have medical value? Does their living conditions have anything to do with the proteins and nutrients in them? The information in this article will be used as an experiment for the upcoming project of growing seaweed. The project will try to find an answer to the questions asked above and also these questions: Are there any related material in Limu Kohu and Lipoa? If not, why? This article is lacking many points to be a full article, to show if this article is true fact or not is very difficult to answer because of the lack of information provided. But if there is a conclusion that must be reached if that this article is true fact or not; this article is factual because:
This article needs many changes to become a complete article; the following will help complete the article:
In conclusion seaweed is excellent for the body. It removes harmful materials like, toxic chemicals and heavy metals from the body, boost the immune system, and cure cold sores. Not only does seaweed clean your body, but also fills it with high protein like Beta-carotene and Vitamin C. Seaweed is an excellent food source for the body; it cleans your body and fills it with Vitamins. Procedure of Project For my science project I tried to grow Limu Kohu. So to begin the project I had to start at the beginning, research. I needed to know everything about the limu before trying to grow it. I went to the library read through books, interviewed local practitioners, getting their knowledge of the limu, researching over the internet, trying to get every little piece of information possible on the Limu, I also researched on how other people all over the world is trying to grow all different kinds of seaweed, hoping maybe I could get some idea on how to actually start my project and maybe even successfully grow the limu. After interviewing Karla McDermid, a professor at the university, I took some of the things she told me to mind and I came up with procedures for the project. I first checked one site in Kingslanding were there is some limu growing and wrote down in my journal describing the area. Then I went down to Laehala looking for an area similar to the site in Kingslanding that would be appropriate for transplanting the limu. I actually choose two areas at Laehala, one on the left side of the pond site A, and the other at the right side of the pond site B, Two sites were chosen to optimize my chances of successfully growing the limu kohu. Once a week I would go to Laehala (that's were the site is that I choose to plant the limu) and take water samples of the two sites. I would check the temperature of the water and also the salinity level in the water. Temperature was taken with an electronic thermometer and the salinity with a Vista# salinity refractometer. At each site samples were taken from the bottom and at the surface. Bottom and surface samples were taken to ensure no stratification occurs in the area, meaning there is optimum circulation at the site. This data was recorded on a table. After taking water samples I would write any observations needed in my journal. I would write about the weather, tide, currents, and everything that looked like it would be important, so then I had an entry in my journal once a week about each site so if there had been any changes in the salinity or water temperature I would have some idea why. I now have enough data and observation to successfully start transplanting the limu. On May 15, 2001 at 1:00 p.m. my father and I walked down to Waikaalulu bay to search for a rock with limu kohu to transplant. We successfully found a rock and took it over to Laehala so that Keone and Ke‘ala may take a look at it. After Keone took a look at the rock that my father had picked to transplant he than took it over to site B and planted it. Site A
Site B
What Data Means In Site B the Salinity and temperature levels from both top and bottom change slightly. When the temperature level drops in site B the salinity rises. When the temperature level rises the salinity level drops. During 1/17 and 2/14 the temperature fluctuates from 75 to 87. On 2/21 the salinity level was at its lowest at 34 ppt. One week later it was at its highest at 37 ppt. This shows that there isn't good circulation in the water. In site A the salinity level stay the same for both top and bottom. But for the temperature its comparable. This shows that there is a good circulation in the water. Extension If possible, I would like to continue my project with Keone chin during the summer. Since the limu was transplanted on May 16, 2001 at site B at Laehala and there is not enough time during this school year to continue this project, I would like to leave it there through out the summer so that I may observe its growth. Observation will be logged on a chart. I'm hoping that the limu successfully grows before the summer break is over. I will not be continuing this project after the summer break. If any opportunity is offered to me to continue this project then I might reconsider continuing this project at a different area that needs re-growth of limu kohu. Until such time I will be only working on this project till the summer break is over. Conclusion Site B is not an optimum area to grow limu kohu. The salinity level for both top and bottom are slightly different and they fluctuate. This shows that there isn't a good circulation in the water. Limu kohu needs an area with good circulation of water and site B doesn't provide this type of habitat. At the original site (Waikaalulu Bay) the condition of the water and the color of the rocks were different then at site B. At Waikaalulu Bay the waves hit this reef first and the surge from this moves into site B. The color of the rocks here are a brown, black and some white ones. To transplant limu kohu from one site to another you must find a duplicate area of the original site. Meaning the water must move the same, the living environment must be the same, salinity and temperature levels the same, and so on. The limu will not grow in one area its entire life, move to another area that is not the same as its first home and grow successfully. Something wrong will happen. Site B is not a duplicate of the original site; therefore in my opinion site B is not an optimum area to grow limu kohu. Site A is a good area to grow limu kohu. Not only do the salinity and temperature levels stay the same, but the salinity and temperature level of site A are similar to the original site (25 ppt. and 84). This means that sire A has a good water circulation. Site A is not as rough as the original site but I think that there is enough water motion to grow the limu. The rocks in site A are similar to the rocks at the original site. Site A is a small duplicate of the original site and I think that it will be an optimum area to grow limu kohu. Bibliography • Karla McDermid. Professor at the University of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, 1-19-01 • Kelii Ioane. Hawaiian activist, Home, 5-14-01 • Mrs. Harata. Cultivation of fish, home, 2-23-01 • Butchy Kaili. Hawaiian activist, home, 4-3-01 • Pua Kanahele. Teacher at Hawaii Community College, home, 4-10-01 • Abbott, Isabella Aiona. Marine Red Algae of The Hawaiian Island. Honolulu, HI, Bishop Museum: 1999 • Abbott, Isabella Aiona. Limu. Lawai, Kauai:Pacific Tropical Botanical Gardens, 1984. • Many authors. Marine Biology 135 1999. KG, Germany: Springer-velag GMBH & Co. 1999. |
Projects >> Kū‘ula>> Curricula >> K-6 | 7-9 | 10-12 >> Grades 10-12 Curriculm
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